Inappropriate elimination is one of cat owners’ top frustrations, with this common problem cited as the leading cause of surrender to animal shelters. However, inappropriate urination is typically not your cat’s fault, and they certainly never do it out of spite. Myriad health, hygiene, and environmental factors can be at play, contributing to this inappropriate behavior. Our All Breed Pet Care team shares reasons why your cat may be peeing outside the litter box and offers tips on how to help them get back in the box.

Medical causes of feline inappropriate elimination

When determining the cause of your cat’s inappropriate urination, ruling out medical problems is the first step. The most common medical conditions responsible for cats urinating outside the litter box include:

  • Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) — FLUTD is a broad term that encompasses various conditions affecting the bladder and urethra. These include urinary tract infections, idiopathic cystitis (i.e., bladder inflammation), bladder stones, and urethral obstruction. FLUTD can be life-threatening and requires immediate veterinary attention.
  • Kidney disease — Kidney disease, particularly common in older cats, can lead to increased urination and accidents. Cats with kidney disease may drink a lot of water and urinate frequently, sometimes not making it to the litter box in time.
  • Diabetes — Diabetes can cause increased thirst and urination, leading to accidents. 
  • Hyperthyroidism — Hyperthyroidism, another common condition in older cats, can lead to increased metabolism and subsequent increased urination. 
  • Arthritis — Older cats may have difficulty getting in and out of the litter box because of arthritis or other mobility issues. They might also have trouble climbing stairs to reach the box.

Litter box issues causing feline inappropriate elimination

Litter box issues are a common reason cats may urinate outside their designated area. Cats are fastidious creatures and require a clean litter box to feel comfortable. A dirty litter box can prompt them to seek cleaner spots. Additionally, the type of litter used can be significant. While most cats prefer clumping, unscented, fine-grained litter, your cat may have different preferences.  

The size and type of the litter box also matter. A box that is too small or has high sides can be challenging, especially for older or arthritic cats. Covered boxes might hold odors, which some cats find off-putting, and can also cause a cat to feel trapped if intercat bullying occurs within the household. 

Moreover, the general rule of thumb is one litter box per cat, plus one extra, to prevent competition and ensure each cat has their own space. Litter boxes’ locations play a crucial role as well—they should be placed in quiet, accessible areas where your cat feels safe, away from loud appliances or high-traffic areas. Ensuring the litter box meets these criteria can significantly reduce inappropriate urination.

Behavioral issues causing feline inappropriate elimination

Cats are highly sensitive creatures and may eliminate inappropriately if they feel stressed. Behavioral triggers that can cause a cat to urinate outside the litter box include:

  • Stress and anxiety — Cats are sensitive to changes in their environment and routine, and stress can lead to inappropriate urination. Common stressors include moving to a new home, new pets, bullying between pets, changes in household routine, or even a new piece of furniture.
  • Territorial disputes — Intact male cats, and sometimes females, may mark their territory by spraying urine. This is more common in multi-cat households where competition for territory and resources can occur.

Identify and minimize stressors in your cat’s environment. Ensure you keep your cat’s routine consistent and consider using synthetic pheromone diffusers to create a calming atmosphere. Neutering or spaying can help reduce territorial marking behaviors.

Dealing with a cat who pees outside the litter box requires patience and a systematic approach to determine why they are doing this. Rule out medical issues first by scheduling your cat’s appointment with our All Breed Pet Care team.